Manilkara hexandra - Kshirini

Introduction

Manilkara hexandra, often called Kshirini in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a tree native to India and parts of Southeast Asia. Unlike common herbal remedies, Kshirini carries a distinct milky sap and sweet fragrance that ancient healers prized. In this article, you’ll learn the botanical traits, historical significance, active molecules, modern research, dosage recommendations, and safety considerations specific to Manilkara hexandra. We’ll dive deep into how Kshirini stands out from other Ayurvedic plants—no broad filler here, just straight-up facts on this fascinating species.

Botanical Description and Taxonomy

Manilkara hexandra belongs to:

• Kingdom: Plantae
• Order: Ericales
• Family: Sapotaceae
• Genus: Manilkara
• Species: M. hexandra

This evergreen tree reaches 10–15 meters and features smooth, gray bark with milky latex oozing when cut. Leaves are elliptic, glossy green above, paler underside. Flowers are small, creamy-yellow, in clusters. Fruits—oval berries—turn yellowish-orange at maturity. Traditional Ayurveda uses the bark, latex, and fruit pulp to prepare formulations. Active compounds identified in credible phytochemical studies include triterpenoids (lupeol), flavonoids (quercetin derivatives), and phenolic acids. Please note: only these compounds have solid literature backing with Kshirini specifically.

Historical Context and Traditional Use

Atharvaveda-era manuscripts (circa 1000 BCE) mention a tree with “milk-like juice” used for digestive complaints—likely Manilkara hexandra though direct citations are rare. In classical text “Vrikshayurveda” by Surapala (11th century CE), Kshirini bark is recommended for balancing Pitta and Kapha doshas. Traditional healers in Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra have long relied on Kshirini for managing peptic ulcers: they’d cut bark and mix the latex with cow milk—hence its Sanskrit name “Kshirini” (kshira = milk).

Medieval Persian pharmacopoeias note Kshirini’s astringent fruit pulp as a remedy for diarrhea. Over centuries, rural folk in Goa used crushed fruit seeds topically for minor wounds and skin irritations. In southern India, tribal communities ground the bark into powder, blended with honey, and taken for respiratory issues—this usage declined as silver-based compounds became common medico-folk remedy.

The perception of Kshirini has shifted: once mostly local remedy, now being studied in formal labs. Western herbalists in early 20th century mentioned “Khiri berry” as gastrointestinal tonic, though often confused with Manilkara zapota (chikoo). Contemporary Ayurvedic practitioners reclaim Kshirini’s identity, distinguishing its unique phytochemical profile from other Manilkara species.

Active Compounds and Mechanisms of Action

Manilkara hexandra’s bioactive constituents:

• Lupeol: A triterpenoid found in bark; research suggests anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties by inhibiting COX-2 pathways.
• Quercetin derivatives: Flavonoids isolated from leaves, demonstrating antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging, and possible hepatoprotective effects.
• Phenolic acids: Gallic acid and ellagic acid in fruit pulp; known to reduce oxidative stress in gastric mucosa.
• Latex proteins: Proteolytic enzymes in milky sap may assist wound debridement and tissue regeneration.

Studies on gastric ulcer models in rats show Kshirini bark extracts upregulate mucin secretion and prostaglandin E2, thus protecting stomach lining. Ayurvedic theory interprets this as pacifying Pitta and normalizing Agni. Modern reconcilement: lupeol and phenolics synergize to reduce acid secretion and strengthen protective mucus barrier.

Therapeutic Effects and Health Benefits

Manilkara hexandra (Kshirini) delivers a range of targeted benefits:

• Gastroprotective: Multiple animal studies confirm bark extract reduces ulcer index by up to 60% at 200 mg/kg dose. In a small pilot trial (n=20), patients with non-erosive gastritis reported symptom relief after 4-week regimen of bark decoction.
• Antioxidant: Quercetin derivatives counter oxidative stress in hepatic tissues. A 2018 study on rats indicated improved liver enzyme profiles (ALT, AST) when given leaf extract.
• Anti-diarrheal: Fruit pulp’s tannins exhibit astringent actions, slowing intestinal motility. Folk reports cite quick relief from acute diarrhea, corroborated by in vitro tests showing reduced toxin-induced fluid secretion in intestinal cells.
• Wound healing: Latex proteins promote collagen deposition; topical application of latex mixed with turmeric powder accelerated wound closure in rabbit models by 20%.
• Antimicrobial: Bark and leaf extracts inhibit gram-positive strains like Staphylococcus aureus; a 2020 study highlighted MIC values at 50 µg/ml.

Real-life application: rural herbal clinics in Gujarat still stock Kshirini bark powder in patient-ready packs for ulcer relief. A garnish of fruit pulp with buttermilk is a traditional summer tonic to stave off diarrhea. Keep in mind these benefits are specific to Manilkara hexandra; other “sapodilla” species don’t replicate the same profile.

Dosage, Forms, and Administration Methods

Common dosage guidelines for Manilkara hexandra:

• Bark decoction: 3–6 g dried bark boiled in 200 ml water for 15 minutes, taken twice daily after meals.
• Leaf powder: 1–2 g with honey or ghee, once daily; best for antioxidant support.
• Fruit pulp: 20–30 g fresh pulp mixed with buttermilk, once daily for diarrhea relief.
• Latex poultice: Apply 2–3 ml of fresh latex mixed with turmeric on minor wounds, cover with sterile gauze.

Extract forms: standardized lupeol-rich tinctures (1:5 alcohol extract, 20% w/v) are entering the market. For peptic ulcers, choose bark decoction over alcohol tincture as it’s gentler on Agni. Elderly or those with weak digestion should start at lower end of dosage and titrate up.

Safety note: Pregnant or breastfeeding women and children under 12 should avoid latex and high-dose bark decoction. Before using Manilkara hexandra, always get consultation with Ayurvedic professionals on Ask-Ayurveda.com—they can tailor dosages for individual prakriti.

Quality, Sourcing, and Manufacturing Practices

Ideal growing regions for Kshirini are dry deciduous forests of central India (Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra) and parts of Sri Lanka. Optimal climate: well-drained soils, 200–800 m elevation, moderate rainfall (<1,200 mm/year). Harvesting traditionally occurs in early summer when latex yield peaks; bark is collected carefully using slanted cuts to avoid ring-barking.

To verify authenticity:

• Check bark cross-sections—true Kshirini bark shows a white latex streak and faint concentric rings.
• Perform simple organoleptic tests: aroma is mildly sweet, taste astringent- sweet, no turpentine-like odor.
• Request certificate of analysis (COA) from suppliers listing lupeol and quercetin content.

Manufacturers should follow GMP guidelines, using low-heat drying (<50°C) to preserve phenolics. Avoid synthetic adulterants such as latex from other Sapotaceae species. Ethical sourcing includes engaging tribal communities under fair-trade agreements.

Safety, Contraindications, and Side Effects

Although generally safe at recommended doses, Manilkara hexandra can cause mild GI discomfort if overused. High-dose bark decoction (>10 g/day) might lead to constipation due to strong astringent tannins. Topical latex can evoke contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals.

Contraindications:

• Pregnancy & breastfeeding: avoid latex—risk of uterine contractions is theoretical but worth caution.
• Kidney disease: high tannin intake can stress renal excretion, so dosage must be adjusted.
• Concurrent use with iron supplements: tannins may reduce iron absorption.

Interactions: Lupeol has mild blood pressure-lowering effects; patients on antihypertensives should monitor BP. Pitta-dominant individuals might feel dryness or increased thirst—balance with cooling cooling herbs like Aloe vera.

Modern Scientific Research and Evidence

Recent studies on Manilkara hexandra:

• 2021 Journal of Ethnopharmacology: Lupeol-enriched bark extract reduced gastric ulcer index by 55% in rat models, compared to ranitidine’s 60%.
• 2019 Phytotherapy Research: In vitro assays showed quercetin derivatives from leaves inhibited lipid peroxidation by 45% at 100 µg/ml.
• 2022 Clinical pilot (n=30): Kshirini decoction improved dyspepsia scores by 30% over placebo after 6 weeks; no serious adverse events reported.

Traditional uses align with these findings: gastroprotective and antioxidant activities are well-supported. Gaps remain in large-scale human trials and pharmacokinetic profiling of latex proteins. Debate continues whether Kshirini’s antimicrobial action is strong enough for systemic infections—the MIC values are moderate and more research needed.

Myths and Realities

Myth: “Kshirini can cure all types of ulcers instantly.” Reality: While promising, Kshirini aids primarily acid-related gastric ulcers, not necessarily Crohn’s or ulcerative colitis.

Myth: “Fruit pulp is toxic if eaten raw.” Reality: Fresh pulp is safe in moderate amounts; excessive raw intake may cause mild constipation due to tannins.

Myth: “Latex from Kshirini causes skin irritation.” Reality: Only in sensitive individuals; a small patch test prevents unexpected reactions.

People sometimes confuse Kshirini with Manilkara zapota (chikoo), assuming identical benefits—however, tikoo lacks lupeol-rich bark. Always rely on botanical identification and COAs. Respect tradition, but cross-check with modern evidence to avoid overhyped claims.

Conclusion

Manilkara hexandra (Kshirini) stands out in Ayurveda for its distinct milky latex, unique triterpenoids and flavonoids, and targeted benefits for gastric, antioxidant, and antimicrobial support. Research so far confirms traditional claims of ulcer protection and wound healing, though large-scale human trials are pending. Safe use involves proper dosage, forms selection, and awareness of contraindications. Embrace Kshirini responsibly—always consult with Ayurvedic professionals on Ask-Ayurveda.com before integrating this potent remedy into your routine.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

• Q1: What is Manilkara hexandra?
  A1: A tree known as Kshirini in Ayurveda, used for gastrointestinal and skin health.
• Q2: Which part of Kshirini is used?
  A2: Primarily bark, leaves, fruit pulp, and milky latex.
• Q3: How does Kshirini help with ulcers?
  A3: Its triterpenoid lupeol and phenolics protect gastric mucosa and reduce acid secretion.
• Q4: Can pregnant women take Kshirini?
  A4: No, latex and high-dose bark are contraindicated; consult a professional.
• Q5: What is a typical dose?
  A5: Bark decoction 3–6 g/day; leaf powder 1–2 g/day; fruit pulp 20–30 g/day.
• Q6: Are there side effects?
  A6: Overdose may cause constipation, GI discomfort; latex can irritate some skins.
• Q7: How to identify authentic bark?
  A7: Look for white latex streaks, concentric rings, sweet-aromatic scent.
• Q8: Does it interact with medications?
  A8: Tannins reduce iron absorption; lupeol may lower BP; monitor accordingly.
• Q9: How is Kshirini harvested traditionally?
  A9: Early summer bark cuts angled to preserve tree health, low-heat drying.
• Q10: Is the fruit edible?
  A10: Yes, sweet astringent pulp eaten fresh or in buttermilk for diarrhea.
• Q11: Does Kshirini have antimicrobial properties?
  A11: Yes, bark and leaves inhibit certain gram-positive bacteria in lab tests.
• Q12: What climates suit its growth?
  A12: Dry deciduous forests of central India, moderate rainfall, well-drained soils.
• Q13: Can children take Kshirini?
  A13: Avoid latex in under-12s; use low-dose leaf powder only with professional advice.
• Q14: How does Ayurveda classify Kshirini?
  A14: Balances Pitta and Kapha, pacifies excess heat in the digestive tract.
• Q15: Where to get guidance on dosing?
  A15: Consult qualified Ayurvedic practitioners at Ask-Ayurveda.com for personalized advice.